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Syntactic bootstrapping
Syntactic bootstrapping is a theory that proposes that verbs, presented in their syntactic frames, provide a source of information about their meaning.〔.Chierchia, G. (1994). Syntactic bootstrapping & the acquisition of noun meanings: The mass-count issue. In B. Lust, M. Suner, J. Whitman, B. Lust, M. Suner, J. Whitman (Eds.), Syntactic theory & first language acquisition: Cross-linguistic perspectives, Vol. 1: Heads, projections, & learnability (pp. 301–318). Hillsdale, NJ England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.〕 When children are presented with a sentence that includes an unfamiliar verb, they look to extralinguistic context clues to help them in determining what the definition of that verb is.〔 According to Gleitman’s definition of syntactic bootstrapping coined in 1990, verbs are learned with a delay because the linguistic information that supports their acquisition is not available during the early stages of language acquisition. This would seem to show the importance of early acquisition of verb meaning in children is pivotal to language development.
The first appearance of empirical evidence of syntactic bootstrapping comes from research done by Roger Brown in 1957. In his research he showed that "preschool-aged children selected different aspects of a picture as the meaning of the novel word zup depending on whether he had told them this is a zup, this is some zup, or this is zupping."〔Hoff, Erika & Shatz, Marilyn. (2009). ''Blackwell Handbook of Language Development.'' John Wiley & Sons.〕 This research by Roger Brown provided the first evidence showing that children could use syntax to infer meaning from newly encountered words. Evidence for the theory of syntactic bootstrapping is provided by many researchers across a broad timeframe and is continually being augmented to meet new standards. The evidence provided through this research has identified mechanisms that underlie the theory and syntactic bootstrapping and give weight to the theory.
While research on syntactic bootstrapping does provide an explanation for how young children can infer meaning from sentences due to their understanding of syntax, it does not provide a complete universal understanding of word learning theory and thus cannot be a universal theory. What the theory of syntactic bootstrapping does provide is an understanding of how children can use syntax to narrow down the possible meanings of words they encounter.
==First appearance==
The first evidence provided for the theory of syntactic bootstrapping comes from work by Roger Brown in 1957. He proposed a theory that stated that children might "use the part-of-speech membership of a new word as a first clue to its meaning."〔Gernsbacher, Morton Ann. (Eds.). (1994). ''Handbook of Psycholinguistics.'' San Diego: Academic Press.〕 Through his work Brown was able to conclude that children were sensitive to syntax when determining the meaning of a new word. In this same research Brown discovered that children found in sentences the verb referring to the action, the count noun referring to the object, and the mass noun as referring to the substance in sentences.〔 Brown's initial findings that supported what was later to be termed syntactic bootstrapping have led many researchers, most notably Gleitman and Naigles.
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